Activity 1: 1. Microbes remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and by doin this if affects our climate change and state. 2. Scientists aren't clear of microbes history and all of their functions. They do know some of the history 3. Microbes filter the air and without them life on earth would be a bit difficult. 4. Marine microbes clear out carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the ocean which keeps our climate steady and keeps us healthy. 5. Microbes are everywhere and even most likely undiscovered in places we haven't yet figured to look and are getting discovered everyday. 6. Yes. Example
Activity 3: Design a microbe 1. What characteristics must an ocean microbe have in order to survive?They must be able to reproduce a lot to keep their species going, they can shield themselves with a special coating from extreme conditions and they must be able to adjust to their surroundings. 2. What is density? Density is a unit of measure in which how tightly packed matter is per unit. 3. Why would density be important characteristic for ocean microbes?How dense the microbes are most likely affect how and where they live in the ocean and how long their able to survive. 4. How are ocean microbes beneficial to the environment and life on Earth?Ocean microbes filter out the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and help mammals and humans and other air breathing species to prosper. 5. Use common materials to design your microbe. What specific characteristics must it have and what materials did you choose to demonstrate those characteristics?A coating of something over top of the model in order to show the protective coating, make the model out of something that is maniable to show its efficiency of being able to adapt, and somehow show it can reproduce.Density of materials used to build? 6. Describe what your environment looks like and the activities you would be doing as your microbe. X
Woody Plants: Screw Pine, Bamboo trees, and palm trees-monocot American chestnut, maple tree, and oak trees-dicot
6. The plants from four give us oxygen, and nutrients. For example, the banana tree gives us fruit that many of us eat. The trees from five give us oxygen and house hold items when the wood is made into furniture. Without these we wouldn’t survive long.
Fruit and Vegetables
Edible Cell
Cell Size Lab
Cube Size
Area of Cube
Volume of Cube
Surface Area of Volume Ratio
3x3x3
54 cm. sq.
27 cubic cm
2/1
2x2x2
24 cm. sq.
8 cubic cm
3/1
1x1x1
6 cm. sq.
1 cubic cm
6/1
Compare and contrast the three cubes after they were sliced in half. The three different cubes were congruent and the diffusion of each would have been close but we couldn’t determine this ourselves because the cube was frozen and it corrupted the diffusion part of the lab. Freezing the cube corrupted the particle make up of the cube.
2. Which "cell" seemed to be most and least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell? Explain. To our guesstimation the middle (2x2x2) cube would have taken the longest to diffuse. The bigger of the three would have had more liquid in it and it would come out quicker and so would the smallest because it was only 1x1x1 and didn’t store much. The 2x2x2 would be pretty normal and stay at a steady pace when diffusing hence why it would take longer.
3. Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so? We would say to are guesstimation it would be diffusion, because it can show how much it can absorb.
4. Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis. If it is smaller it haves better options to absorb, so therefore are hypothesis is most likely correct because the smaller it is the better it can absorb.
Homeostasis Lab
Analysis:
1. What are the changes that you observed throughout the experiment? Kasey was our guinea pig, had increased changes in pulse, blood pressure, breathing rate, perspiration, and redness in skin color.
2. How do each of those changes help the body adjust to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis)? They help try and cool the body down so she doesn’t over heat or over work herself.
3. What mechanisms are used to maintain body temperature in the body? Sweat. When your body sweats its trying to cool down your body to maintain a normal body temperature so you don’t overheat.
4. What is the purpose for an increased respiratory rate and heart rate? This helps the body consume more oxygen and transfer it to the blood. This hence also means that your cardiac output increases and more blood is pumped throughout the body and muscles. The oxygen in your muscles keep you from getting tired.
Conclusion-What we learned from this lab is that as the body gets moving such as running the heart rate and the respiratory rate increase. Also as the body gets hotter, equilibrium kicks in because the body needs too cool down so you start to sweat, so it haves to maintain it.
Pulse (Heart Rate)
Breathing Rate
Blood pressure
Sweat
Reddness
100(start)
22
109/86
none
none
158(4 min)
34
122/99
sweaty
very red
161(4 more min)
33
111/71
sweaty. very noticable
even more red
124(end result)
30
102/78
going away
pink
12.6 12.3 15.6 13 1.23-2 1.56-3 1.30-4
Cell Transport Lab
Cell Transport
Diffusion- describes the spread of particles through random motion from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.
Osmosis- is the movement of water molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient.
Hypotonic- is a condition where hyponatremia associated with a low osmolality.
Hypertonic- Having a higher osmotic pressure in a fluid relative to another fluid.
Isotonic- for the term associated with muscle contraction
Solute- A substance dissolved in fluid, forming a solution
Solvent- Is a liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves another solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution that is soluble in a certain volume of solvent at a specified temperature.
Selectively permeable- It is a membrane in cells that only allows certain things in.
Water potential- is the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions.
Concentration gradient- the gradual difference in the concentration of solutes in a solution between two regions. In biology, a gradient results from an unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane. When this happens, solutes move along a concentration gradient. This kind of movement is called diffusion.
Plasmolysis- is the process in plant cells where the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis.
Turgor- is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells, determined by the water content of the vacuole.
Active transport- is the movement of a substance against its concentration energy (from low to high concentration).
Facilitated diffusion- is a process of passive transport, facilitated by integral proteins.
Osmosis Experiment 3 GIANT Strawberries 5 Spoon fulls Day one-At first when we poured the sugar on the strawberries and it just sat there. Then after time the sugar turned into goop. So speaking this is osmosis, because the movement of water molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient. So more and more after time it got more goopier and it sank to the bottom of the beaker. Day two- Looks like water was added to, and it is no goop in it anymore and there is also no sugar left. Also the strawberries look very mush, and soupy.Therefore how we saw osmosis is that after a day the strawberries were mush, and there was water in the beaker, therefore saying the water moved out of the strawberries. Start:Nothing 10 minutes later:The sugar was half dissolved. strawberries starting to get goopy. Another 10 minutes:All goop. No sugar present. End result/next day:Strawberries are shriveled up floating in the sugar water.
Diffusion Experiment
Enough vinegar to cover egg Day one-egg was placed in clear glass bowl filled with vinegar. The egg had a sizzle of bubbles coming from the shell. after a few hours of this the brown started to peel off of the egg and the shell became softer. Day two-the top of the solution(vinegar) was covered in a foamy residue. the shell was a lot softer and the shell seemed to have dicinigrated. there were spots in which the egg was transparent and you could see through into the egg.Therefore, the spread of particles through random motion from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. So saying thats why the cell desinegrated. Start:bubbling Hours later:shell gets soft/color peels off Day later:shells almost completely gone. parts are transparent.
Questions (Be sure to split up this work and discuss as a group. I should see contributions by many different members of the group); 1. Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis. You are responsible for discussing at least 3 similarities and or differences.Similarities for Osmosis, and Diffusion are that they both are examples of passive transport. The both move from higher to lower concentrations. . Now the differences between Osmosis and Diffusion is Osmosis is the passage of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane. Diffusion on the other hand is the passage of a material from an area of high concentration in a liquid or gas. Also in Osmosis energy is generated. But in Diffusion no energy is generated. Lastly Diffusions process continues until the entire solution is at one concentration. Therefore in Osmosis the fluid moves through the membrane. 2. Why are diffusion and osmosis considered to be passive processes? Why is because they both have substances moving across the membrane. 3. Compare and contrast passive cell transport with active cell transport. You are responsible for discussing at least 3 similarities and/or differences. Similarities for Passive and Active cell transport is that they both involve ion movement. They also both use ion channels to move ions across the cell membrane, in or out of the cell. Now some differences is that Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP molecules and is often against a concentration gradient. As for Passive transport it happens along a concentration gradient and requires no energetic input from the organism. 4. What question do you still have about cell transport? Do research or design and run an experiment to gather data to answer your question. Write a paragraph or make an outline of what you did and what you discovered. Remember to cite your sources. The movement of materials into and out of cells influences the internal concentrations of the molecules. So, you can see that what goes in or out will have a profound effect on the ability of cells to function properly. The ability of cells to move materials in and out efficiently can determine whether they will live or die. How do cells control these movements? They do it by both passive and active transport. We will examine these processes in this section. Before we begin, however, I want to stress the importance of the plasma membrane that surrounds cells. To get in or out of a cell, material must pass through this membrane. It is the membrane that is the gatekeeper of cells. Cell transport is the movement of materials in and out of cells influences the internal concentrations of the molecules. Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of its greater concentration to an area of its lesser concentration. Osmosis is just basically the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. The concentrations of the two solutions must be unequal; there was more solute on one side of the membrane than the other (there was more sugar than water) The solute was impermeable to the sugar and permeable to the water which is why the water came out of the strawberry. it was going from a high concentration to a low concentration. The egg and the vinegar was basically the same thing. The vinegar was permeable to the shell and it was going from a high to low concentration. The reason the shell dissolved is because the particles were getting spread apart from the vinegar passing through the shell. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_cell_transport, http://www2.nl.edu/jste/transprt.htm#Diffusion
Red Water Mite AKA HARRY! AND HIS BROTHER JIM!
Protists
Daphnia Sp.- Autotroph 1. They are small planktonic crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5 mm in length. 2. The hear is at the top of the back, just behind the head, and the average heart rate is 180 bpm. 3. Their life span does not exceed one year and is largely temperature dependent. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3732e/w3732e0x.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnia
Paramecium Caudatum- Heterotroph 1. is a group of unicellular ciliate protozoa which are commonly studied as a representative of the ciliate group, and range from about 50 to 350 μm in length. 2. Paramecia are widespe4rad in freshwater environments, and are especially common in scums. 3. Simole cilica cover the body, whick allow the cell to move with a synchronous motion at speeds of approximately 2,700μm/second. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Is_paramecium_caudatum_an_autotroph http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium
Factors that would affect yeast respiration is percentage of sugar, and the temperature. The independent is the sugar solution, and the dependent variable is the yeast.
Crime Scene Lab Analysis:
Data: Make a sketch of your gel showing the bands of DNA fragments that appeared during the procedure you just completed. Make sure to label each lane with the appropriate DNA sample loaded into the well.
1. Why do a series of bands appear in the gel? What is true of the DNA fragment band(s) closest to the positive end of the gel (the end opposite the wells)? Those are the DNA samples that matched up and traveled through the gel and ends up with the DNA (blue, green, and red).
2. What caused the DNA to migrate through the gel? The ions in the water reacting with the electricity from when it was in the clear compartment thing.
3. Would you expect your personal DNA fingerprint to be identical to any of the persons tested in this lab? Explain. No because if everybody had the same fingerprint then everybody would be a victim of it.
4. Based on the results of your gel, what evidence do you have to present to the court concerning this murder case? The blue, green, and red DNA had moved through the gell together hence saying that it was suspect one(martin Jones), crime scene enzyme 1, and suspect 1 enzyme 2.
5. Could these DNA samples have been distinguished from one another if only enzyme #1 had been used? Why or why not? No because not everything could have been matched up with enzyme one and may have been matched up with enzyme two instead.
Mitosis Identification Lab
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telaphase
Cytokenisis
First is interphase (before prophase) and G1, S, and G2 occur which is preparation for the cell to go through Mitosis with the steps above.
| Members | Classification of Marine Bacteria | Monocots and Dicots | Fruit and Vegetables | Edible Cell | | | Cell Size Lab | Homeostasis Lab | | | | | | | | | | | | Cell Transport Lab | Red Water Mite AKA HARRY! AND HIS BROTHER JIM! | Protists | Yeast Respiration Lab | Mitosis Identification Lab
Members
Bethany BCassi Elizabeth Marie A
Kasey Diane M
Tionna M
Classification of Marine Bacteria
Activity 1:1. Microbes remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and by doin this if affects our climate change and state.
2. Scientists aren't clear of microbes history and all of their functions. They do know some of the history
3. Microbes filter the air and without them life on earth would be a bit difficult.
4. Marine microbes clear out carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the ocean which keeps our climate steady and keeps us healthy.
5. Microbes are everywhere and even most likely undiscovered in places we haven't yet figured to look and are getting discovered everyday.
6. Yes. Example
Activity 3:
Design a microbe
1. What characteristics must an ocean microbe have in order to survive? They must be able to reproduce a lot to keep their species going, they can shield themselves with a special coating from extreme conditions and they must be able to adjust to their surroundings.
2. What is density? Density is a unit of measure in which how tightly packed matter is per unit.
3. Why would density be important characteristic for ocean microbes? How dense the microbes are most likely affect how and where they live in the ocean and how long their able to survive.
4. How are ocean microbes beneficial to the environment and life on Earth? Ocean microbes filter out the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and help mammals and humans and other air breathing species to prosper.
5. Use common materials to design your microbe. What specific characteristics must it have and what materials did you choose to demonstrate those characteristics? A coating of something over top of the model in order to show the protective coating, make the model out of something that is maniable to show its efficiency of being able to adapt, and somehow show it can reproduce. Density of materials used to build?
6. Describe what your environment looks like and the activities you would be doing as your microbe. X
Monocots and Dicots
Rye:
Squash:
Grass, banana trees, orchads-monocot
Oaks, roses, sunflowers-dicots
Woody Plants:
Screw Pine, Bamboo trees, and palm trees-monocot
American chestnut, maple tree, and oak trees-dicot
6. The plants from four give us oxygen, and nutrients. For example, the banana tree gives us fruit that many of us eat. The trees from five give us oxygen and house hold items when the wood is made into furniture. Without these we wouldn’t survive long.
Fruit and Vegetables
Edible Cell
Cell Size Lab
Compare and contrast the three cubes after they were sliced in half.
The three different cubes were congruent and the diffusion of each would have been close but we couldn’t determine this ourselves because the cube was frozen and it corrupted the diffusion part of the lab. Freezing the cube corrupted the particle make up of the cube.
2. Which "cell" seemed to be most and least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell? Explain.
To our guesstimation the middle (2x2x2) cube would have taken the longest to diffuse. The bigger of the three would have had more liquid in it and it would come out quicker and so would the smallest because it was only 1x1x1 and didn’t store much. The 2x2x2 would be pretty normal and stay at a steady pace when diffusing hence why it would take longer.
3. Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so?
We would say to are guesstimation it would be diffusion, because it can show how much it can absorb.
4. Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis.
If it is smaller it haves better options to absorb, so therefore are hypothesis is most likely correct because the smaller it is the better it can absorb.
Homeostasis Lab
Analysis:
1. What are the changes that you observed throughout the experiment?
Kasey was our guinea pig, had increased changes in pulse, blood pressure, breathing rate, perspiration, and redness in skin color.
2. How do each of those changes help the body adjust to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis)?
They help try and cool the body down so she doesn’t over heat or over work herself.
3. What mechanisms are used to maintain body temperature in the body?
Sweat. When your body sweats its trying to cool down your body to maintain a normal body temperature so you don’t overheat.
4. What is the purpose for an increased respiratory rate and heart rate?
This helps the body consume more oxygen and transfer it to the blood. This hence also means that your cardiac output increases and more blood is pumped throughout the body and muscles. The oxygen in your muscles keep you from getting tired.
Conclusion- What we learned from this lab is that as the body gets moving such as running the heart rate and the respiratory rate increase. Also as the body gets hotter, equilibrium kicks in because the body needs too cool down so you start to sweat, so it haves to maintain it.
12.3
15.6
13
1.23-2
1.56-3
1.30-4
Cell Transport Lab
Cell Transport
Osmosis Experiment
3 GIANT Strawberries
5 Spoon fulls
Day one- At first when we poured the sugar on the strawberries and it just sat there. Then after time the sugar turned into goop. So speaking this is osmosis, because the movement of water molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient. So more and more after time it got more goopier and it sank to the bottom of the beaker.
Day two- Looks like water was added to, and it is no goop in it anymore and there is also no sugar left. Also the strawberries look very mush, and soupy.Therefore how we saw osmosis is that after a day the strawberries were mush, and there was water in the beaker, therefore saying the water moved out of the strawberries.
Start: Nothing
10 minutes later: The sugar was half dissolved. strawberries starting to get goopy.
Another 10 minutes: All goop. No sugar present.
End result/next day: Strawberries are shriveled up floating in the sugar water.
Diffusion Experiment
Enough vinegar to cover egg
Day one- egg was placed in clear glass bowl filled with vinegar. The egg had a sizzle of bubbles coming from the shell. after a few hours of this the brown started to peel off of the egg and the shell became softer.
Day two- the top of the solution(vinegar) was covered in a foamy residue. the shell was a lot softer and the shell seemed to have dicinigrated. there were spots in which the egg was transparent and you could see through into the egg.Therefore, the spread of particles through random motion from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. So saying thats why the cell desinegrated.
Start: bubbling
Hours later: shell gets soft/color peels off
Day later: shells almost completely gone. parts are transparent.
Questions (Be sure to split up this work and discuss as a group. I should see contributions by many different members of the group);
1. Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis. You are responsible for discussing at least 3 similarities and or differences. Similarities for Osmosis, and Diffusion are that they both are examples of passive transport. The both move from higher to lower concentrations. . Now the differences between Osmosis and Diffusion is Osmosis is the passage of a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane. Diffusion on the other hand is the passage of a material from an area of high concentration in a liquid or gas. Also in Osmosis energy is generated. But in Diffusion no energy is generated. Lastly Diffusions process continues until the entire solution is at one concentration. Therefore in Osmosis the fluid moves through the membrane.
2. Why are diffusion and osmosis considered to be passive processes? Why is because they both have substances moving across the membrane.
3. Compare and contrast passive cell transport with active cell transport. You are responsible for discussing at least 3 similarities and/or differences. Similarities for Passive and Active cell transport is that they both involve ion movement. They also both use ion channels to move ions across the cell membrane, in or out of the cell. Now some differences is that Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP molecules and is often against a concentration gradient. As for Passive transport it happens along a concentration gradient and requires no energetic input from the organism.
4. What question do you still have about cell transport? Do research or design and run an experiment to gather data to answer your question. Write a paragraph or make an outline of what you did and what you discovered. Remember to cite your sources.
The movement of materials into and out of cells influences the internal concentrations of the molecules. So, you can see that what goes in or out will have a profound effect on the ability of cells to function properly. The ability of cells to move materials in and out efficiently can determine whether they will live or die. How do cells control these movements? They do it by both passive and active transport. We will examine these processes in this section. Before we begin, however, I want to stress the importance of the plasma membrane that surrounds cells. To get in or out of a cell, material must pass through this membrane. It is the membrane that is the gatekeeper of cells.
Cell transport is the movement of materials in and out of cells influences the internal concentrations of the molecules. Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of its greater concentration to an area of its lesser concentration. Osmosis is just basically the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
The concentrations of the two solutions must be unequal; there was more solute on one side of the membrane than the other (there was more sugar than water) The solute was impermeable to the sugar and permeable to the water which is why the water came out of the strawberry. it was going from a high concentration to a low concentration. The egg and the vinegar was basically the same thing. The vinegar was permeable to the shell and it was going from a high to low concentration. The reason the shell dissolved is because the particles were getting spread apart from the vinegar passing through the shell. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_cell_transport, http://www2.nl.edu/jste/transprt.htm#Diffusion
Red Water Mite AKA HARRY! AND HIS BROTHER JIM!
Protists
Daphnia Sp.- Autotroph
1. They are small planktonic crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5 mm in length.
2. The hear is at the top of the back, just behind the head, and the average heart rate is 180 bpm.
3. Their life span does not exceed one year and is largely temperature dependent.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3732e/w3732e0x.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnia
Green Hydra- Heterotroph
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Is_a_hydra_an_autotroph_or_a_heterotroph
Brown Hydra
(not sure if this is it couldnt find anything else)
Amoeba Proteus- Heterotroph
1. They can transform themselves into almost any shape imaginable.
2. There are two diseased caused by amoeba, they are amoebic dysentery, and amoebiasis.
3. Amoeba live in unpolluted ponds, with basic ecosystems.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Is_amoeba_proteus_a_heterotroph_or_an_autotroph
http://www.oberlin.k12.oh.us/talent/isp/reports2002/amoebaproteus/index.htm
(again not sure)
Euglena- Autotroph
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Is_Euglena_a_heterotroph_or_an_autotroph
Stentor Coeruleus- Heterotroph
1. It belongs to the sentoridae family which is characterized by being a very large ciliate that measures 0.5 to 2 millimeters when fully extended.
2. Eating is accomplished using cilia that carry food into the ciliate’s gullet
3. They specifically appear as a very large trumpet.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Is_stentor_an_autotroph_or_a_heterotroph
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stentor_Coeruleus
Paramecium Caudatum- Heterotroph
1. is a group of unicellular ciliate protozoa which are commonly studied as a representative of the ciliate group, and range from about 50 to 350 μm in length.
2. Paramecia are widespe4rad in freshwater environments, and are especially common in scums.
3. Simole cilica cover the body, whick allow the cell to move with a synchronous motion at speeds of approximately 2,700μm/second.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Is_paramecium_caudatum_an_autotroph
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium
(no picture available. None found)
Volvox- Autotroph
1. It is a genus of chlorophytes, a type of green algae.
2. They live in a variety fo freshwater habiatas, and were first reported by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1700.
3. Volvox is the most developed in a series of genera that form spherical colonies.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Is_volvox_a_heterotroph_autotroph_or_parasite
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvox
Yeast Respiration Lab
Factors that would affect yeast respiration is percentage of sugar, and the temperature. The independent is the sugar solution, and the dependent variable is the yeast.Crime Scene Lab Analysis:
Data:
Make a sketch of your gel showing the bands of DNA fragments that appeared during the procedure you just completed. Make sure to label each lane with the appropriate DNA sample loaded into the well.
1. Why do a series of bands appear in the gel? What is true of the DNA fragment band(s) closest to the positive end of the gel (the end opposite the wells)?
Those are the DNA samples that matched up and traveled through the gel and ends up with the DNA (blue, green, and red).
2. What caused the DNA to migrate through the gel?
The ions in the water reacting with the electricity from when it was in the clear compartment thing.
3. Would you expect your personal DNA fingerprint to be identical to any of the persons tested in this lab? Explain.
No because if everybody had the same fingerprint then everybody would be a victim of it.
4. Based on the results of your gel, what evidence do you have to present to the court concerning this murder case?
The blue, green, and red DNA had moved through the gell together hence saying that it was suspect one(martin Jones), crime scene enzyme 1, and suspect 1 enzyme 2.
5. Could these DNA samples have been distinguished from one another if only enzyme #1 had been used? Why or why not?
No because not everything could have been matched up with enzyme one and may have been matched up with enzyme two instead.
Mitosis Identification Lab
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telaphase
Cytokenisis
First is interphase (before prophase) and G1, S, and G2 occur which is preparation for the cell to go through Mitosis with the steps above.